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Preliminary geothermal investigations at Manley Hot Springs, AlaskaManley Hot Springs is one of several hot springs which form a belt extending from the Seward Peninsula to east-central Alaska. All of the hot springs are low-temperature, water-dominated geothermal systems, having formed as the result of circulation of meteoric water along deep-seated fractures near or within granitic intrusives. Shallow, thermally disturbed ground at Manley Hot Springs constitutes an area of 1.2 km by 0.6 km along the lower slopes of Bean Ridge on the north side of the Tanana Valley. This area includes 32 springs and seeps and one warm (29.1° C) well. The hottest springs range in temperature from 61° to 47° C and are presently utilized for space heating and irrigation. This study was designed to characterize the geothermal system present at Manley Hot Springs and delineate likely sites for geothermal drilling. Several surveys were conducted over a grid system which included shallow ground temperature, helium soil gas, mercury soil and resistivity surveys. In addition, a reconnaissance ground temperature survey and water chemistry sampling program was undertaken. The preliminary results, including some preliminary water chemistry, show that shallow hydrothermal activity can be delineated by many of the surveys. Three localities are targeted as likely geothermal well sites, and a model is proposed for the geothermal system at Manley Hot Springs. Water circulates through biotite granite of the Hot Springs Dome stock and then migrates upward through hornfelsed sedimentary rocks of the informally named “Boulder Ridge Formation.” The springs issue from loess deposits of approximately 5 to 30 meters in thickness. The loess may act as an impermeable caprock allowing thermal water to reach the surface along fractures. The study did not conclusively recognize a controlling fault or fault system at Manley Hot Springs. Some evidence suggests that faults may be present, but they are well-masked by alluvial and vegetative cover. Follow-on studies suggested include more extensive helium surveying, galvanic resistivity and a seismic survey.
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Compartmental modeling for the neophyte: An application of Berkeley-MadonnaCompartmental modeling serves as a necessary framework in many fields, especially biomathematics and ecology. This article introduces readers to a user-friendly approach to constructing compartmental models and solving the resulting systems of differential equations to simulate real-world applications. The platform used is Berkeley Madonna, a software package that has an intuitive graphical interface which empowers users—even those with limited mathematical and programming backgrounds—to focus on modeling concepts rather than mathematical or programming intricacies. This makes Berkeley Madonna an ideal platform for students, educators, and researchers.
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Variables involved in descriptions of world-wide auroral morphologyAny aspect of auroral morphology is a function of three spatial and one temporal variable and therefore is difficult to describe adequately on a two dimensional sheet of paper. Emphasis is given here to examination of the variables and fixed parameters employed in descriptions of auroral morphology.
