Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kim Jochum, Falk Huettmann and Lisa Paciulli Publication_Date: Unknown Title: Inferred Dominance in Free-ranging Mantled Howling Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) based on Proximity and Interactions in Nicaragua, Ometepe Island in December 2004 / January 2005. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Online_Linkage: http://science.nature.nps.gov/nrdata Description: Abstract: This data set contains information regarding dominance hierarchy in Manteled Howling Monkeys; the observations were taken 30th Dec. 2004 5th Jan. 2006.Three to five hours of data was collected each morning Two different sampling methods were employed: Instantaneous scan sampling methodology (Altmann, 1974) was used at ten minute intervals. The following data were recorded: time, location, gender, age (adult, subadult, juvenile, infant), activity (sitting, feeding, walking, standing, hanging), identification code if possible, group spread, distances between each individual in sight and if they sat on the same tree or another one. In between instantaneous data collection, continuous event sampling methodology (Altmann, 1974) was used for all group interactions. Three categories were chosen as fight, play and approach retreat. The interactions observed were classified in: male- male contact, male-female contact, male-subadult-contact, male-juvenile contact, female-female contact, female-subadult, female-juvenile contact, subadult-subadult contact, subadult-juvenile contact and juvenile-juvenile contact. This project is part of a fieldschool and the data were collected by a student (Kim Jochum) for a forthcoming thesis project; publications are planned. For more details see also http://www.lasuerte.org/ Purpose: The purpose of the dataset is to investigate a method for determining dominance hierarchy in Alouatta palliata applicable to different mammal species based on low and opportunistic sample sizes. This dataset is part of a forthcoming German M.Sc. Thesis by Kim Jochum dealing with recognition abilities of individuals tested across several animal species world-wide using marginal and opportunistic behavior datasets. Supplemental_Information: Alcock J., 2005. Animal behavior. Sinauer Associates, Inc.. Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A.. Crockett C.M. and Pope T., 1988. Inferring patterns of aggression from red howler monkey injuries. Amer. J. Primatology. 15, 289-308. Clarke M. R., Glander K. E. and Zucker E. L., 1997. Infant-nonmother interactions of free-ranging mateled howlers (Aloatta palliata) in Costa Rica. International Journal of Primatology. Vol.19, No.3. De Waal F. B. M., 1987. Dynamics of social relationships. Mammals. D 04672. Primates. Y 25458. Dunbar R. I. M. and Cowlishaw G., 1992. Mating success in male primates: dominance rank, sperm competition and alternative strategies. Animal behavior. 44, 1171-1173. Glander E.G., 1980. Reproduction and population growth in free-ranging mantled howling monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 53, 25-36. Glander K.E., 1991. Dispersal patterns in Costa Rica mantled howling monkeys. International Journal of Primatology. Vol.13, No.4. Jurmain R., Nelson H. and Kilgore L., 2004. Essentials of physical anthropology. 5th ed. St. Paul, West Publ. Co. Milton, K., 1979. Factors influencing leaf choice by howler monkeys: A test of some hypotheses of food selection by generalist herbivores. American Naturalist. 114, 362-378. Milton, K., 1980. The Foraging Strategy of Howler Monkeys: A Study in Primate Economics. Columbia University Press. New York. Paul A., 1997. Breeding seasonality affects the association between dominance and reproductive success in non-human male primates. Folia Primatology. 68, 344-349. Strier K. E., 2003. Primate behavior ecology. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, New York. Young O. P., 1983. An example of apparent dominance-submission behavior between adult male howlers. Primates. 24(2), 283-287. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: Unknown Ending_Date: Unknown Currentness_Reference: Current Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Currently no maintenance. Future publication planned and in progress. Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -85.5 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -85.5 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 11.45 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 11.45 Description_of_Geographic_Extent: Ometepe Island, Nicaragua Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: dominance hierarchy Theme_Keyword: Alouatta palliata Theme_Keyword: howling monkey Theme_Keyword: mantled howling monkey Theme_Keyword: Proximity Theme_Keyword: Interactions Theme_Keyword: Tropical Forest Ecology Theme_Keyword: Tropical Wildlife Ecology Theme_Keyword: Animal activities Theme_Keyword: Behaviour Study Theme_Keyword: Research Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Park Service Theme Category Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: dominance hierarchy Theme_Keyword: Alouatta palliata Theme_Keyword: howling monkey Theme_Keyword: mantled howling monkey Theme_Keyword: Proximity Theme_Keyword: Interactions Theme_Keyword: Tropical Forest Ecology Theme_Keyword: Tropical Wildlife Ecology Theme_Keyword: Animal activities Theme_Keyword: Behaviour Study Theme_Keyword: Research Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: dominance hierarchy Theme_Keyword: Alouatta palliata Theme_Keyword: howling monkey Theme_Keyword: mantled howling monkey Theme_Keyword: Proximity Theme_Keyword: Interactions Theme_Keyword: Tropical Forest Ecology Theme_Keyword: Tropical Wildlife Ecology Theme_Keyword: Animal activities Theme_Keyword: Behaviour Study Theme_Keyword: Research Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: Ometepe Island Place_Keyword: San Ramon Place_Keyword: Machete Forest Place_Keyword: Nicaragua Place_Keyword: Central America Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Park System Unit Name Thesaurus Place_Keyword: Ometepe Island Place_Keyword: San Ramon Place_Keyword: Machete Forest Place_Keyword: Nicaragua Place_Keyword: Central America Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Park System Unit Code Thesaurus Place_Keyword: Ometepe Island Place_Keyword: San Ramon Place_Keyword: Machete Forest Place_Keyword: Nicaragua Place_Keyword: Central America Access_Constraints: By arrangement with data owner and contributing parties. Use_Constraints: Discuss with data owner and contributing parties. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kim Jochum, Falk Huettmann, Lisa Paciulli Contact_Organization: IWF Vetenarian University of Hannover, Germany Contact_Address: Address: Stiftung Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15 City: Hannover State_or_Province: Lower Saxony Postal_Code: 30173 Contact_Voice_Telephone: + 49 (0) 511-856-7568 Data_Set_Credit: Kim Jochum, Falk Huettmann, and Lisa Paciulli, La Suerte/Ometepe fieldschool Native_Data_Set_Environment: Field notes, Microsoft Works Spreadsheet Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Milton, K. Publication_Date: 1980 Title: The Foraging Strategy of Howler Monkeys: A Study in Primate Economics. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Publication_Information: Publication_Place: New York Publisher: Columbia University Press Taxonomy: Keywords/Taxon: Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Taxonomic_Keywords: howling monkey Taxonomic_Keywords: howler monkey Taxonomic_Keywords: mantled howling monkey Taxonomic_Keywords: mantled howler monkey Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom Taxon_Rank_Value: Animalia Applicable_Common_Name: animals Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Phylum Taxon_Rank_Value: Chordata Applicable_Common_Name: chordates Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Subphylum Taxon_Rank_Value: Vertebrata Applicable_Common_Name: vertebrates Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Class Taxon_Rank_Value: Mammalia Applicable_Common_Name: mammals Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Subclass Taxon_Rank_Value: Theria Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Infraclass Taxon_Rank_Value: Eutheria Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Order Taxon_Rank_Value: Primates Applicable_Common_Name: primates Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Family Taxon_Rank_Value: Cebidae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Subfamily Taxon_Rank_Value: Alouattinae Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus Taxon_Rank_Value: Alouatta Taxonomic_Classification: Taxon_Rank_Name: Species Taxon_Rank_Value: Alouatta palliata Applicable_Common_Name: Howling Monkey Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Data on all individuals visible was collected, ranging from 2 to 8 individuals at a time. Logical_Consistency_Report: Methodology is consistent throughout. One principle data collector Kim Jochum, supervised by Falk Huettmann and Lisa Paciulli, and following the scientific references mentioned. Completeness_Report: Consistent methods. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Field notes recorded in notebook and inserted into Microsoft Works Spreadsheet. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Time: 2 weeks Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kim Jochum Contact_Organization: Kim Jochum Contact_Address: Address: Rauschenweg 10 City: Neunkirchen, State_or_Province: Saarland Postal_Code: 66539 Country: Germany Contact_Voice_Telephone: Methodology: Methodology_Type: Field Methodology_Description: This study was conducted in a secondary growth, tropical dry forest on Ometepe Island in Lake Nicaragua (11 24N, 85 50 W) which experiences two distinct seasons: wet (March through October) and dry (November through February). The rainforest, where we observed mantled howling monkeys, is a secondary growth dry forest with disturbances, close to agricultural fields and cattle. The data was collected during two weeks of December through January. For the mantled howling monkeys, no permanent groups were noticable, rather life in fission and fusion. Several individuals were noticed and followed. The maximum number of individuals for which data was collected on at a time are app. eight individuals. Four individuals were observed on several days and could be distinguished from others; one adult female with infant, one juvenile female and two adult males. The monkeys were located by early morning vocalizations of the males starting at dawn. Two different sampling methods were employed to increase the chances of determining the howling monkey dominance hierarchy. First, instantaneous scan sampling methodology (Altmann, 1974) was used at ten minute intervals. The following data were recorded; the time, location, gender, age (adult, subadult, juvenile, infant), activity (sitting, feeding, walking, standing, hanging), identification code if possible, group spread, distances between each individual in sight and if they sat on the same tree or another. See Appendix A for operational definitions. Secondly, in between instantaneous data collection, continuous event sampling methodology (Altmann, 1974) was used for all group interactions. Three categories were chosen as fight, play and approach retreat. An approach retreat was defined as every interaction when two individuals have been closer than one meter to each other. The interactions observed were classified in: male- male contact, male-female contact, male-subadult-contact, male-juvenile contact, female-female contact, female-subadult, female-juvenile contact, subadult-subadult contact, subadult-juvenile contact and juvenile-juvenile contact. Obtained data were noted in a hardcopy fieldnote book, and after the project transferred into a digital database (Excel sheet). Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Trail Net in Machete Forest Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Mantled Howling Monkey dominance hierarchy Entity_Type_Definition: Measurement of proximities and interactions Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Scientific references, Kim Jochum, and Falk Huettmann, Lisa Paciulli Attribute: Attribute_Label: Observation category Attribute_Definition: Seperates the Distance Data from the Interaction Data Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 1 or 2 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Date Attribute_Definition: Date data recorded Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Day, Month, Year Attribute: Attribute_Label: Time Attribute_Definition: Local time Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: hour, minute Attribute: Attribute_Label: Focal animal 2 Attribute_Definition: Focal Animal 1 from which the distance to Focal Animal 2 was qualified Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: unrepresentable domain Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sex 1 Attribute_Definition: Male, female gender of animal 1 Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: male, female Attribute: Attribute_Label: Age 1 Attribute_Definition: determined age of focal animal 1 Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Adult, Subadult, Juvenile, Infant Attribute: Attribute_Label: Body Size 1 Attribute_Definition: determined body size of focal animal 1 Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: On a scale 1 to 10 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Activity 1 Attribute_Definition: Activity of animal 1 Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: walking, sitting, feeding, standing, hanging, looking, laying, reaching, vocalisating Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location 1 Attribute_Definition: Tree the focal animal 1 is sitting on compared to focal animal 2 Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: same tree, different tree Attribute: Attribute_Label: Distance (m) Attribute_Definition: Distance determined between focal animal 1 and focal animal 2 at scan time Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: in meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Focal Animal 2 Attribute_Definition: Focal Animal 2 to which the distance was determined from Focal Animal 1 Attribute_Definition_Source: not available Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: unrepresentable domain Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sex 2 Attribute_Definition: determined sex of focal animal 2 Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: male female Attribute: Attribute_Label: Age 2 Attribute_Definition: determined age of focal animal 2 Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Adult, Subadult, Juvenile, Infant Attribute: Attribute_Label: Body Size 2 Attribute_Definition: determined body size of focal animal 2 Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Age as scale 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Activity 2 Attribute_Definition: determined activity of focal animal 2 at scanning time Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: walking, sitting, feeding, standing, hanging, looking, laying, reaching, vocalisating Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location 2 Attribute_Definition: Tree the focal animal 2 is sitting on compared to focal animal 1 Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: same tree, different tree Attribute: Attribute_Label: Identity Attribute_Definition: Recognized Individual Identification Code Attribute_Definition_Source: Defined by Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: unrepresentable domain Attribute: Attribute_Label: Interaction Classification Attribute_Definition: Definition: fight, play, approach retreat. An approach retreat was defined as every interaction when two individuals have been closer than one meter to each other. Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Fight, Play, Approach retreat, Contacting Attribute: Attribute_Label: Interaction Time Attribute_Definition: Length of specific Interaction Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: hour, minute Attribute: Attribute_Label: Interaction Categorisation Attribute_Definition: Categorising of Interaction Classifications Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: for Approach retreat: Travelling together, Approach, chase off, Distance Displacement; for Play: backlash, playbite, playfight, grabbing; for Coacting: group movement; for Fight: Jump on, Grabbing Attribute: Attribute_Label: Interaction Assessment Attribute_Definition: neutral reaction of both individuals being part of the interaction or one wins over the other one Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Positiv-Negativ, Neutral Attribute: Attribute_Label: Interaction Who in Age category Attribute_Definition: description of who interacted with whom Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Adult, Subadult, Juvenile, Infant Attribute: Attribute_Label: Interaction Who in Body Size category Attribute_Definition: description of who interacted with whom Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Interaction Attribute_Definition: descriptive description of the interaction which occured at a certain time Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: na Attribute: Attribute_Label: Statement now Attribute_Definition: descriptive opinion on interaction categorisation and evaluation while working with the dataset Attribute_Definition_Source: Kim Jochum Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: na Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kim Jochum, Falk Huettmann Contact_Organization: University of Alaska, Institute of Arctic Biology, Biology and Wildlife Department Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 419 IRVING I - EWHALE lab City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: Alaska Postal_Code: 99775-7000 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907 474-7882 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 907 474-6967 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: fffh@uaf.edu Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the University of Alaska, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the accuracy or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data and aggregate use with other data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly acquired from a server, and not indirectly through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. It is also strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data. La Suerte Fieldschool, The Universities of Alaska (U.S.) and Hannover (Germany) shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Excel Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20060121 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Falk Huettmann and Kim Jochum Contact_Organization: University of Alaska, Institute of Arctic Biology, Biology and Wildlife Department Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 419 IRVING I - EWHALE lab City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: Alaska Postal_Code: 99775-7000 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907 474-7882 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 907 474-6967 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: fffh@uaf.edu Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999 Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://nrdata.nps.gov/profiles/NPS_Profile.xml Profile_Name: NPS NR and GIS Metadata Profile