Russian use of smart power to achieve Northern Sea Route objectives

Abstract

This dissertation examines Russia's use of smart power in pursuing its strategic objectives for the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in the Arctic. Through three interconnected articles, it analyzes how Russia combines soft and hard power approaches to assert control over the NSR and legitimize its claims. The first article challenges Russia's legal justification for NSR control by presenting new data on sea ice conditions and navigational risks. The second article explores how Russia's military posture in the Arctic has evolved in response to geopolitical shifts, particularly NATO expansion. The third article investigates Russia's strategic communication efforts to shape international perceptions of the NSR. Drawing on smart power theory, the dissertation demonstrates how Russia integrates legal, military, and informational tactics to advance its interests. It argues that Russia's smart power strategy aims to establish customary law status for its NSR policies, secure a maritime defensive buffer, and maintain regional dominance. The research contributes to broader understandings of smart power dynamics in international relations, offering insights for policymakers and scholars on the interplay of hard and soft power in achieving geopolitical objectives. By examining Russia's multifaceted approach to the NSR, this dissertation reveals the complex strategies employed by states in navigating the changing global landscape and evolving nature of power in the 21st century.