Benefits of using marginal opportunistic wildlife behavior data: Constraints and applications across taxa – a dominance hierarchy example relevant for wildlife management
| dc.contributor.author | Jochum, Kim | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2013-12-04T22:50:52Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2013-12-04T22:50:52Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2008-03-20 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11122/2675 | |
| dc.description.abstract | This study is a new approach on collecting, handling and examining wildlife behavior data across mammal species in order to provide new and unique conclusions from efficient data collection schemes. Sophisticated dominance hierarchy patterns and the ability of individual recognition are well described in many large mammals such as monkeys and cetaceans through the effort of detailed long-term studies. Their implications are well known as important topics regarding management strategies, especially for endangered species. However worldwide, for other large mammals, e.g. bears, detailed long-term wildlife behavior studies are virtually not available. This is due to the inaccessibility and inefficient observation abilities for many animal species in the wild, especially long-term studies. Up to now, it is believed that long-term studies are necessary to describe the existence of social structures like dominance hierarchies and individual perception abilities reliably and to present results in a sophisticated ‘significant’ manner. To accomplish more detailed behavior investigations on species where we lack such long-term data, here a new approach to this discipline ‘behavior modeling’ is presented, concentrating on the use of marginal opportunistic samples. This statistical approach has never been conducted to behavior analysis so far. Marginal behavior data for six species were investigated and c | |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................. I ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................................ III 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Social Structure - Why it Matters........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Social Structure and Dominance Hierarchy in Higher Mammals ........................................ 4 1.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Howling Monkeys (Alouatta palliata)...................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)....................................................... 7 1.2.4 Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) ................................................................................... 9 1.2.5 Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) ............................................................................. 11 1.2.6 Spotted Seals (Phoca largha)............................................................................... 13 1.2.7 Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) ............................................................................ 15 1.3 Review of Using Opportunistic and Marginal Data ........................................................... 16 1.4 Data Mining in Behavior Sciences ................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 18 1.4.2 Why TreeNet........................................................................................................ 20 1.5 Meta-analysis – Overview................................................................................................ 22 1.6 Overall Logic for Approach .............................................................................................. 23 1.7 Justification of Approach.................................................................................................. 24 2 METHODS .......................................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Field work ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.1.1 Howling Monkeys ................................................................................................. 29 2.1.2 Humpback Whales ............................................................................................... 30 2.1.3 Brown Bears ........................................................................................................ 31 2.1.4 Polar Bears .......................................................................................................... 31 2.1.5 Spotted Seals....................................................................................................... 33 2.1.6 Muskoxen............................................................................................................. 33 2.2 Statistic Programs............................................................................................................ 34 2.2.1 Modeling with TreeNet ......................................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Prediction Accuracy of the TreeNet Model ........................................................... 37 2.2.3 Distance Histograms ............................................................................................ 382.2.4 Interaction Diagrams ............................................................................................ 38 2.2.5 Meta-analysis....................................................................................................... 38 3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 39 3.1 Preface ............................................................................................................................ 39 3.1.1 Preface to Modeling with TreeNet ........................................................................ 39 3.1.2 Preface to Prediction Accuracy of the TreeNet Model .......................................... 39 3.1.3 Preface to Distance Histograms ........................................................................... 40 3.1.4 Preface to Interaction Diagrams ........................................................................... 40 3.1.5 Preface to Meta-analysis...................................................................................... 40 3.2 Howling Monkeys............................................................................................................. 41 3.2.1 Modeling with TreeNet ......................................................................................... 41 3.2.2 Prediction Accuracy of the TreeNet Model ........................................................... 43 3.2.3 Distance Histograms ............................................................................................ 44 3.2.4 Interaction Diagrams ............................................................................................ 46 3.2.5 Meta-analysis....................................................................................................... 47 3.3 Humpback Whales........................................................................................................... 49 3.3.1 Modeling with TreeNet ......................................................................................... 49 3.3.2 Prediction Accuracy of the TreeNet Model ........................................................... 51 3.3.3 Distance Histograms ............................................................................................ 52 3.3.4 Interaction Diagrams ............................................................................................ 54 3.3.5 Meta-analysis....................................................................................................... 55 3.4 Brown Bears .................................................................................................................... 57 3.4.1 Modeling with TreeNet ......................................................................................... 57 3.4.2 Prediction Accuracy of the TreeNet Model ........................................................... 59 3.4.3 Distance Histograms ............................................................................................ 59 3.4.4 Interaction Diagrams ............................................................................................ 62 3.4.5 Meta-analysis....................................................................................................... 63 3.5 Polar Bears...................................................................................................................... 65 3.5.1 Modeling with TreeNet ......................................................................................... 65 3.5.2 Prediction Accuracy of the TreeNet Model ........................................................... 67 3.5.3 Distance Histograms ............................................................................................ 67 3.5.4 Interaction Diagrams ............................................................................................ 70 3.5.5 Meta-analysis....................................................................................................... 71 3.6 Spotted Seals .................................................................................................................. 73 3.6.1 Modeling with TreeNet ......................................................................................... 733.6.2 Prediction Accuracy of the TreeNet Model ........................................................... 76 3.6.3 Interaction Diagrams ............................................................................................ 76 3.6.4 Meta-analysis....................................................................................................... 77 3.7 Muskoxen ........................................................................................................................ 79 3.7.1 Modeling with TreeNet ......................................................................................... 79 3.7.2 Prediction Accuracy of the TreeNet Model ........................................................... 81 3.7.3 Distance Histograms ............................................................................................ 82 3.7.4 Interaction Diagrams ............................................................................................ 83 3.7.5 Meta-analysis....................................................................................................... 84 4 DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................... 86 4.1 Social Structures in studied Species................................................................................ 86 4.1.1 Howling Monkeys ................................................................................................. 86 4.1.2 Humpback Whales ............................................................................................... 87 4.1.3 Brown Bears ........................................................................................................ 88 4.1.4 Polar Bears .......................................................................................................... 90 4.1.5 Spotted Seals....................................................................................................... 91 4.1.6 Muskoxen............................................................................................................. 92 4.2 Use of Opportunistic and Marginal Datasets for Evidence and in Behavior Studies ......... 93 4.3 Modeling with TreeNet..................................................................................................... 93 4.4 Meta-analysis .................................................................................................................. 95 4.5 Meaning and Context of Key Findings ............................................................................. 96 4.6 Strength and Weaknesses of Approach........................................................................... 97 4.7 Individual Perception in Bears.......................................................................................... 98 5 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND STUDY SUGGESTIONS ............................................... 99 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. 100 7 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 101 8 APPENDICES................................................................................................................... 112 8.1 Appendix: General Definitions ....................................................................................... 113 8.2 Appendix: Observed Activities ....................................................................................... 115 8.3 Appendix: Interaction Categories ................................................................................... 116 8.3.1 General Interaction Definitions ........................................................................... 116 8.3.2 Species Categorisation ...................................................................................... 1208.4 Appendix: Ethograms .................................................................................................... 124 8.5 Appendix: TreeNet Model Setup .................................................................................... 131 8.6 Appendix: Additonal Result Figures ............................................................................... 132 8.6.1 Howling Monkeys ............................................................................................... 132 8.6.2 Humpback Whales ............................................................................................. 139 8.6.3 Brown Bears ...................................................................................................... 144 8.6.4 Polar Bears ........................................................................................................ 148 8.6.5 Spotted Seals..................................................................................................... 153 8.6.6 Muskoxen – females .......................................................................................... 154 8.6.7 Muskoxen – males ............................................................................................. 157 8.7 Appendix: Example Distance Histograms as expected in non-social Species ................ 158 8.8 Appendix: CD ................................................................................................................ 159 | en_US |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.title | Benefits of using marginal opportunistic wildlife behavior data: Constraints and applications across taxa – a dominance hierarchy example relevant for wildlife management | en_US |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_US |
| refterms.dateFOA | 2020-01-24T14:13:18Z |
