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    Toolstone procurement in middle-late Holocene in the Kodiak archipelago and the Alaska Peninsula

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    Rains_uaf_0006N_10293.pdf
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    Author
    Rains, Devon
    Chair
    Potter, Ben
    Committee
    Severin, Ken
    Rasic, Jeffrey
    Irish, Joel
    Metadata
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    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11122/4909
    Abstract
    The Norton tradition (2300-950 BP) in the Alaska Peninsula and the Late Kachemak phase (2700-900 BP) in Kodiak are distinct cultural traditions yet contain some similarities in lithic assemblages and house form, suggesting some contact or influence occurred. The subsequent Koniag tradition (900-200 BP) is present in both the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak, indicating direct influence or migration. While the Koniag tradition is found in sites located throughout the North Pacific region, the Koniag tradition in Kodiak is characterized by changes in social climate and subsistence strategies including greater warfare/raiding and resource consolidation. In order to obtain these resources, Koniag populations living in Kodiak may have traveled farther distances than previous populations. In contrast, Alaska Peninsula populations did not experience significantly different subsistence strategies over time and therefore would not need to travel as far as Kodiak populations or significantly alter subsistence patterns. Determining the probable origins of toolstone materials in late prehistoric sites can reveal changes in the ways people in this region obtained their resources and give a more comprehensive understanding of the degree to which the Koniag lifestyle differed from the preceding cultural traditions in the region. Due to the eruptive history in the Alaska Peninsula, the presence of volcanic toolstone in Kodiak sites, and the close proximity between the two locations, central Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak sites are optimally located in order to determine possible changes in the direction where volcanic toolstone originated. This thesis explored differences between volcanic toolstone procurement locations in late prehistoric sites on the Kodiak Archipelago and the central Alaska Peninsula by comparing samples according to size and abundance of tool types, site location, cultural affiliation, and time periods using element values obtained from x-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology. Results show possible geographic boundaries of toolstone containing similar element values using Alaska Peninsula samples, which were subsequently compared with Kodiak samples. Data presented in this thesis shows the geographic range of likely toolstone procurement locations increased over time in Kodiak sites, while Alaska Peninsula sites contain evidence that toolstone remained locally procured over time.
    Description
    Thesis (M.A.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2014
    Table of Contents
    1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 Geology and Volcanic Activity in the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak -- 1.1.1 Volcanic Activity -- 1.1.2 Locations of Available Lithic Resources -- 1.2 Archaeological Background -- 1.2.1 The Norton Tradition in the Alaska Peninsula -- 1.2.2 The Kachemak Tradition in the Kodiak Archipelago -- 1.2.3 The Thule/Koniag Traditions in the Alaska Peninsula -- 1.2.4 The Koniag Tradition in the Kodiak Archipelago -- 2.0 Research Design -- 2.1 Recognizing Procurement Patterns According to Artifact Abundance and weight -- 2.2 Raw Material Procurement According to Site Type -- 2.3 Evidence for Non-Local Toolstone Procurement Pattern Changes in Late prehistoric Kodiak sites -- 2.3.1 A Comparison of Raw Material Variability According to Late Prehistoric Cultural Traditions in Kodiak -- 2.4 Evidence for Static Local Toolstone Use in Late Prehistoric Central Alaska Peninsula sites -- 2.4.1 A Comparison of Raw Material Variability According to Late Prehistoric Cultural Traditions in the central Alaska Peninsula -- 3.0 Methods -- 3.0.1 Measuring Changes in Toolstone Procurement Location -- 3.1 XRF and Provenance Studies -- 3.2 Sample Selection -- 3.3 Data Collection -- 3.3.1 Calibration Co-efficient -- 3.4 Statistical Methods -- 3.4.1 Determining Groups using XRF Data -- 3.4.2 Comparing Samples According to Assigned Groups -- 4.0 Site Descriptions -- 5.0 Results -- 5.1 Clustering Results of Alaska Peninsula Samples -- 5.1.1 Comparing Two Methods of Forming Groups Containing Samples with Similar Element Values -- 5.1.2 Forming Groups using SPSS -- 5.2 Establishing a Geographic Range of Statistically Similar Element Values Among Alaska Peninsula Sites -- 5.3 Geographic Distribution of Likely Sources According to Abundance and Weight of Samples -- 5.3.1 Alaska Peninsula -- 5.3.2 Kodiak Island -- 5.4 Variability of Toolstone According to Site Types and Occupations -- 5.5 Variability of Toolstone According to Site Location -- 5.6 Alaska Peninsula Samples Compared According to Time Period and Cultural tradition -- 5.6.1 Alaska Peninsula Samples Compared by Cultural Tradition -- 5.6.2 Alaska Peninsula Samples Compared by Excluding Samples from Distant Sites -- 5.7 Kodiak Samples Inserted Into Alaska Peninsula Groups -- 5.7.1 Kodiak Group Membership Over Time -- 5.7.2 Comparing Kodiak Samples According to Cultural Tradition -- 5.8 Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Samples Compared According to Cultural Tradition -- 6.0 Discussion and Conclusion -- 6.1 Hypotheses Revisited -- 6.2 Discussion -- 6.2.1 Comparing Kodiak and Alaska Peninsula Samples -- 6.2.2 Geographic Proximity of Local Volcanic Toolstone Over Time in the Alaska Peninsula -- 6.2.3 Geographic Proximity of Local Volcanic Toolstone Over Time in Kodiak -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References Cited -- Appendices.
    Date
    2014-12
    Type
    Thesis
    Collections
    Anthropology

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