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    Expression and function of Williams syndrome transcription factor (WSTF) in the neural development of Xenopus laevis

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    Author
    Malakar, Sreepurna
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    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11122/7367
    Abstract
    Imitation Switch (ISWI) is a member of the Switch2/Sugar Non-Fermenting2 (SWI/SNF2) superfamily of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - dependent chromatin remodelers. Twenty different ISWI complexes have been identified so far in yeast, Drosophila, Xenopus and mammals. Three ISWI-containing complexes, WSTF-ISWI chromatin remodeling complex (WICH), ATP-dependent chromatin assembly and remodeling factor (ACF) and chromatin accessibility complex (CHRAC), have been characterized in Xenopus. Loss of ISWI function in Xenopus embryos results in severe defects in neural and eye development, including loss of retinal differentiation and formation of cataracts. We have begun to dissect the contributions of individual ISWI dependent complexes to development, by using in situ hybridization and antisense morpholino knockdowns against subunits unique to different ISWI-containing complexes. Here I have investigated the WICH complex in Xenopus and have targeted the WSTF subunit. Whole mount in situ hybridization shows WSTF localized in the neural tissue including eye, brain, branchial arches and neural tube/ spinal cord. Injection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides into fertilized eggs leads to misregulation and aberrant expression of genes involved in neural patterning and development, such as Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Whole mount in situ hybridization shows mislocalization of BMP4 in the probable deformed neural tube of WSTF knockdowns. All these data suggest that WSTF is critical for neural development.
    Description
    Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2008
    Table of Contents
    1. Introduction -- 1.1. Chromatin structure and remodeling -- 1.2. The role of ISWI subfamily in development -- 1.2.1. Development roles of the ISWI ATPase -- 1.2.2. Developmental roles of individual ISWI complexes -- 1.3. Williams syndrome transcription factor -- 2. Materials and methods -- 2.1. Morpholinos -- 2.2. Microinjection -- 2.3. Protein isolation and immunoblotting -- 2.4. Whole-mount in situ hybridization -- 2.5. rtRT-PCR -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Xenopus WSTF is expressed primarily in anterior neural tissue -- 3.2. Xenopus WSTF is critical for normal development of the eye and brain -- 3.3. WSTF is specifically inhibited in the WSTF knockdowns -- 3.4. WSTF knockdowns have severely impaired eye development -- 3.5. WSTF is required for normal expression of genes involved in neural patterning and development -- 3.6. BMP4 is spatially misregulated in WSTF knockdowns -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Appendix.
    Date
    2008-05
    Type
    Thesis
    Collections
    Chemistry and Biochemistry

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