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Inupiat Participation In the Wage Economy: Effects of Culturally Adapted Jobs
Judith Kleinfield, Jack Kruse, and Robert Travis
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Effective Schooling in Rural Alaska: Information for the Rural Effective Schools Project
Judith Kleinfield and G. Williamson McDiarmid
Because rural Alaska educators were skeptical of the applicability to their teaching situations of various educational research results, researchers randomly surveyed rural Alaskan teachers to provide background information for the Rural Effective Schools Project and for educators who want to help rural schools increase their effectiveness. Three hundred four teachers (96% of those surveyed) responded by mail to questions about the use and effectiveness of teaching practices recommended nationally and for American Indian children, their preferred instructional methods, and their personal job satisfaction. In general, rural Alaskan teachers did not report frequent use of nationally recommended practices; rather , they used practices advocated in American Indian research literature such as hands-on and self-paced instruction. Only about half the teachers regularly assigned homework. Most expected their students to complete high school, but not to attend or complete college. Only about 40% felt their students' academic ability met or could be expected to meet national averages. For many teachers, academic progress represented a problem. Though satisfied with many aspects of their jobs, rural teachers reported frustrating relationships with district centers and little opportunity for professional growth. These findings have significant implications for the Rural Effective Schools Project. (SB)
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Diapir Field Statewide and Regional Economic and Demographic Systems Impact Analysis
Gunnar Knapp
This study projects economic and demographic impacts of OCS lease sale 87, scheduled for June of 1984 in the Beaufort Sea. Base case and impact projections are developed for the state of Alaska and for Anchorage and Fairbanks using the MAP econometric model. The maximum projected impact of a 3.0 BBBL Oil development on Sale 87 leases is an increase of about 3 percent in total state population and employment. Similar impacts occur for Anchorage and Fairbanks. In both absolute and percentage terms, percentage terms, projected impacts are greater after the year 2000 than in the 1990s, when peak direct employment associated with the sale would occur. This is because most future growth in Alaska is associated with support sector expansion; the effect of Sale 87 is to cause this growth to occur earlier.
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Statewide and Census Division Demographic and Economic Systems, Navarin Basin (Sale 83) Impact Analysis
Gunnar Knapp, Ed Porter, and Brian Reeder
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Statewide and Census Division Demographic and Economic Systems, Navarin Basin (Sale 83) Impact Analysis
Gunnar Knapp, Ed Porter, and Brian Reeder
This study examines economic and population impacts of the proposed Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) petroleum development of the Navarin Basin (Sale 83). The study begins with historical baseline analyses of the population and economies of the State of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Next, base case projections of conditions in the absence of OCS development are proposed. Subsequently, the impacts of OCS development are examined. The projections were done using the MAP and SCIMP models developed at the University of Alaska's Institute of Social and Economic Research. In the base case, statewide population increases to over 590 thousand by the year 2010. In the 1.2 Bbbl oil discovery case, the maximum percentage impact upon statewide population is 3 percent, or 16,800, in 1993. The Aleutian Islands' base case resident population is predicted to rise from 3,654 in 1980 to 8,348 in 2000 due to growth in the bottomfish industry. The maximum increase in population is 281, or 4 percent, in 1996. The maximum impact upon Aleutian Islands' resident employment is 12 percent (291) in 1996. The maximum impact upon Aleutian Islands' nonresident or enclave employment is 45 percent (770) in 1989 during the construction of OCS facilities.
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Institutions and Regulations In the Alaska King Crab Fishery: Effects on Residents and Nonresidents
Gunnar Knapp, Karen White, and Thomas Morehouse
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The Health of Alaskans: An Assessment of the Prevalence of Behaviors Posing Health Risks
John A. Kruse and Elsa Aegerter
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Technical Report 85: A Description of the Socioeconomics of the North Slope Borough
John A. Kruse, Michael Baring-Gould, William Schneider, Joseph Gross, Gunnar Knapp, and George Sherrod
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Community & Competence: Study of Indigenous Primary Prevention Organization in an Alaska Village
G. Williamson McDiarmid
This study examines the origins, structure, and function of a youth organization in a remote Alaskan village in Western Alaska. The contribution of this study is to provide a detailed description of one of the few indigenously created organizations in American Indian and Alaska Native communities that functions as a primary prevention program. The author found that the activities of Chevak Village Youth Association (CVYA) serve a number of functions including educational, social recreational, community service, and economic. In the course of planning, organizing, and putting on events, village youth assume significant responsibility. These responsibilities contribute to their skill in locating and using resources and to their sense of competency. The activities which the organization sponsors are, moreover, vital to the social and recreational life of the community, providing relief from stress and alternatives to substance abuse. While there is no evidence that the youth organization has actually reduced the incidence of mental health diseases or disorders, it is clear that the organization is an important element in the organizational nexus of the village which serves to increase the competency and sense of efficacy of the community as a whole. Such effects are the goals of primary prevention.
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Economic and Demographic Systems Analysis, North Slope Borough
Will Nebesky and Gunnar Knapp
This report describes current and projected economic conditions in the North Slope Borough and discusses possible impacts of OCS development upon the Borough's revenues and expenditures as well as on Inupiat employment. We use a simulation model of the North Slope Borough's economy to examine these impacts. The North Slope Borough receives substantial revenues from its taxes on oil and gas property. Following our examination of the factors affecting borough revenues, we conclude that OCS development will not substantially increase borough revenues due to state-imposed property tax revenue limits. Other factors, however, can be expected to cause the borough to begin to curtail its construction program and, thereby, reduce local employment opportunities. Our review of Inupiat employment patterns and projected borough employment opportunities suggests that reduced Inupiat employment, rather than increased Inupiat involvement in petroleum activities, may best characterize the coming decade unless there are spec if i c efforts to reduce constraints to Inupiat employment associated with petroleum development. These constraints include job rotation schedules, work crew composition, hiring location, and training opportunities.
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Economic, Subsistence, and Sociocultural Projections in the Bristol Bay Region Vol. I (Analysis and Projections) and Vol. II (Village Descriptions)
Will Nebesky, Steve Langdon, and Teresa Hull
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Alaska OCS Social and Economic Studies Program.
John S. Petterson, Bruce M. Harris, Lawrence A. Palinkas, and Steve Langdon
This report describes current and projected economic and social conditions on the North Slope, establishes an analytical framework for assessing changes in these conditions due to OCS devleopment, and describes research methods specifically developed to examine the issues of future North Slope Borough revenues and expenditures and Inupiat perceptions of the potential effects of petroleum development. The primary source of social and economic change on the North Slope between 1973 and 1983 has been the North Slope Borough. We expect this situation to continue as long as the borough continues to receive substantial property taxes from the petroleum industry and significant environmental effects can be avoided. Following our examination· of the factors affecting borough revenues, we conclude that OCS development will not substantially increase borough revenues. Other factors, however, can be expected to cause the borough to begin to curtail its construction program and thereby reduce local employment opportunities. Our review of Inupiat employment patterns and projected borough employment opportunities suggests that reduced Inupiat employment, rather than increased Inupiat involvement in petroleum activities, may best characterize the coming decade unless there are specific efforts to reduce constraints to Inupiat employment associated with petroleum development. These· constraints include job rotation schedules, work crew composition, hiring location, and training opportunities. To date, conflicts between onshore petroleum development and Inupiat land use and land-use values appear to have been isolated. The major potential conflict associated with onshore petroleum development is posed by the regulatory restriction of subsistence activities in development areas. Oil spill 11 s related to offshore development ·could reduce the subsistence resources available to Inupiat, as could noise. Rudimentary available data on oil spill risks, biological responses to environmental disturbances, and Inupiat hunting and fishing patterns suggest that development activities in coastal areas near Inupiat settlements and/or areas with significant concentrations of wildlife could adversely affect the North Slope subsistence economy. We analyzed ten years of Inupiat testimony on proposed developments and conclude that Inupiat fears that offshore development will inevitably harm subsistence resources are both intense and widespread and themselves constitute an impact of development. The report describes Inupiat perceptions through direct quotations and specific references 'to past Inupiat experiences with their environment or development activities. Inupiat institutions have actively attempted to place controls on development activities. Barring unforeseen successes, however, we do not expect that North Slope institutions will be particularly effective in influencing offshore activities, an outcome which may generate significant social stress on the North Slope.
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